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Title: Shifting Sands of Conflict: Religious and Political Dynamics in the Middle East
Description: Delve into the intricate web of religious and political tensions in the Middle East through the lens of differing perspectives on Eretz Yisrael or Palestine. Witness the fallout of the Hadassah Medical Convoy Massacre, the ominous rhetoric likening Iran's supreme leader to 'the new Hitler,' and the scholarly insights in the International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies. Author Asif Nawaz sheds light on the historical backdrop of Israel's War of Independence and the Palestinian Nakbah, offering a comprehensive view of a region in constant turmoil.
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E-ISSN: 2706-8927
P-ISSN: 2706-8919
www.allstudyjournal.com
IJAAS 2022; 4(3): 170-179
Received: 15-08-2022
Accepted: 15-09-2022
Asif Nawaz
Ph.D. Scholar,
Centre for West Asian Studies,
J...
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Author: Asif Nawaz
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Affiliation: Ph.D. Scholar, Centre for West Asian Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
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Publication: International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies 2022; 4(3): 170-179
It further argues that the
absence of a fair resolution to the Palestine conflict in the near future, Iran's pursuit of regional
dominance, and Saudi Arabia's increasing demand for technical investmen...
Before investigating the evolving ties between Israel and Saudi Arabia, it is imperative to
understand the circumstances in which Israel emerged as a homeland for Jews and what
Saudi reactions were to...
Most of the political pundits and
critics believe that when people make a claim in the ambit
of present political and secular thoughts, it appeals
universally, making it suitable for public discussion...
Jews have believed they are
part of a people whose history has been recorded in the
Bible for millennia. The chapters of Genesis that are
devoted to the forefathers—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—tell
the ...
In an effort to break the link between disobedient Jews and
http://www.allstudyjournal.com
their homeland, the Romans gave the region the name
"Palestine" in the second century C.E. The ancients, ju...
But after 1948, when the
Declaration of Independence referred to "the State of
Israel," "Palestine" and "Eretz Israel" were replaced. According to standard political usage of the 20th century,
the Jew...
should not allow in Palestine "vagrant Jews who
have no ties with this country except an imaginary claim
which, from the point of view of right and justice, has no
grounds except what they invent thro...
The most notable wars
were the three occasions when Arab and Israeli forces came
face to face. 1948-49: Israel’s War of Independence = Palestinian
Nakbah
On 29th November 1947, the British Mandate of...
The following day, troops from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,
and Transjordan (Jordan) attacked the recently established
state of Israel, captured East Jerusalem, including the tiny
Jewish Quarter of the...
Egypt and Jordan
signed a defence agreement in May 1967. Israel responded to the seeming Arab rush to war by
eliminating Egypt's air force. On the ground, Israel won
decisively. Israeli forces expelle...
Still, it never reclaimed Egypt's once
impenetrable defences around the Suez Canal. The fighting ended on October 26 after lasting through
Ramadan. Israel concluded official cease-fire agreements
with...
Even when their strategic
objectives matched, like in Yemen in the 1960s, they didn't
cooperate, though they acted independently to achieve goals
that were mutual between them. Saudi enmity against Is...
It featured a 'right to return’ for
Palestinian refugees and their descendants to Israel, making
it unworkable for any Israeli administration (121 This
presumably didn't bother the Saudis since the Wa...
help in
preserving the kingdom and defeating Saddam Hussein, the
Saudis joined the Madrid Peace Conference and in 1994
they terminated their secondary and tertiary boycott of
Israel. They declined to ...
15 of the 19 9/11 hijackers were Saudi, which diverted
attention from the Palestinians to Saudi support of religious
extremism. Dr. Dore Gold, a Sharon advisor, wrote
‘Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arab...
context:
The text explores the differing perspectives and claims related to Eretz Yisrael or Palestine based on religious and secular beliefs, touching on Saudi Arabia's concerns about regional stability, relations with the US regarding the Palestinian cause, and their efforts to repair their image in America through re-engaging in the peace process.
As with the Fahd Plan, the Arab
League's version was less appealing to Israelis in order to
gain Arab acceptance. It demoted ‘complete normalisation! to 'normal relations,’ and its final declaration d...
He believed their shared
fight against Iran would lead to collaboration. Olmert
contacted Riyadh's National Security Adviser Bandar bin
Sultan after the conflict, and Prince Turki bin Faisal held
Trac...
International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies
This was an overview of Saudi Arabia’s role in the pursuit
of peace between Palestine and Israel and between Arabs
and Israelis. The Kingdom always ...
Egypt - Israel Peace Treat (1979)
The Egyptian-Israeli Treaty was the first Arab-Israeli accord
struck between 1978 and 1979. Egypt's President Anwar
Sadat and Israel's Prime Minister Begin signed th...
The
two countries established diplomatic ties (15),
Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty (1994)
Israel and Jordan signed a peace pact in 1994 to end 46
years of conflict, distrust, and dread between the two
...
Even as leaders spoke of replacing old grief with new
ambitions, they were reminded that true peace in West Asia
remains distant. Southern Lebanon terrorists fired mortars
into northern Israel as the ...
Jordan and Israel are directly challenging the
PLO leader's claims to precedence over the holy sites and
his goal to make East Jerusalem the capital of his future
state. In the Arava, the ceremony's w...
Guests included politicians, diplomats,
business executives, and priests, from black-hatted rabbis to
Imams in flowing robes. 10 foreign ministers, including
Warren Christopher and Andrei V. Kozyrev, ...
Arafat were conspicuously
missing, even though King Hussein would not have been so
brave without their accords with Israel. Neither Mubarak
nor Arafat were invited because neither side wanted them. Af...
"We will always cherish the memory and honour of all those
who have fallen over the years from among all our peoples,"
the King said. "I believe they are with us on this occasion
and at this time, as ...
Likud's
1979 Egypt deal (161 Now he's a mediator—and a 1994
Nobel Peace Prize winner with Arafat and Shimon Peres. Rabin and al-Majali signed the deal.Under their agreement,
the nations will exchange ...
Both
parties say this peace will be warm, unlike the "Cold Peace"
Israel enjoys with Egypt, with minimal commercial or
cultural exchanges. King Hussein stated Jordan endorses the
pact "word for word."...
Israel signed seven
normalisation agreements with Bahrain on October 18,
2020, and four with the UAE on October 20, 2020. The
Abraham Accords are all these statements and agreements. Israel and Sudan ...
While this announcement didn't
expressly name the Abraham Accords as the Israel—
Morocco agreement's umbrella, the U.S. Department of
State's website featured it on its Abraham Accords webpage. Israel...
Each opened liaison, interest, or
commercial offices in both countries. The underlying
arrangements remain secret. ~ 175 ~ International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies
Before the Abraham Accord...
As such, the agreements that
established new relations between Israel and these four Arab
countries differ from the peace treaties Israel signed with
Egypt and Jordan, which ended the state of war bet...
He added that the procedure
for arriving at this solution must follow the guidelines
outlined in the "Arab Peace Initiatives 79),
The Saudi leadership has made numerous attempts in the
past to find a...
Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed said that while
the Temple Mount's status in East Jerusalem was the Saudis'
only ‘religious concern,' 'there is no conflict between our
country and the Jews (27),
Saudi Ar...
International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies
Regional competition centres on the clash between Saudi
Arabia and Israel's anti-Iran camp and Iran's Shiite camp. So
Iran and Saudi Arabia compete ...
Due to Iran's presence and
backing for terrorists like Hezbollah in Lebanon and
Palestinian militant organisations like Jehad in Syria, Israel
must monitor the situation in Syria and Saudi Arabia must...
Israel strengthened its collaboration with Saudi
Arabia because of the "Iranian menace 34), In May 2020,
two years after withdrawing from the agreement, the US
announced a partial withdrawal of its so...
Other
than the 'Tranian menace, the two nations have multi-faceted
geopolitical and geo-security interests in West Asia.' Israel
and Turkey's breakup, Saudi Arabia and Turkey's struggle
for dominance ...
Saudi
Arabia hopes Israel might help with economic changes and
"Vision 2030' Saudi Arabia proposes to build a huge
metropolis near the Gulf of Aqaba entry at the northeast
corner of the Red Sea on the...
It is believed
that due to Israel's 1967 triumph and Jerusalem's
occupation, religious nationalism rose throughout the Arab
world and replaced secular nationalism. Saudi Arabia
founded the Organisatio...
Israel’s leadership
has been in constant pursuance to strengthen relations with
Gulf Arab countries by exaggerating the "Iranian Threat
Theory," promoting the increasingly marginalised
Palestinian-Isr...
There is a possibility
that after the normalisation, the Kingdom may face
backlashes. So, Saudi Arabia would not forsake its Islamic
and nationalist values only to restrain Iran and will attempt
to av...
Israel is concerned about Saudi
Arabia's request for U.S. help building nuclear reactors. The
Saudi-Israeli quasi-alliance has limitations. Its collaboration
focuses on Iran containment, counterterror...
context:
The text discusses the normalisation of relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel in the West Asian region, including historical events such as their involvement in peace conferences, dealing with regional conflicts, and the impact of the 9/11 attacks on shifting attention towards Saudi support of religious extremism. Specifically, it explores Saudi Arabia’s role in the pursuit of peace between Palestine and Israel and between Arabs and Israelis, highlighting the Kingdom's history of dialogue, negotiation, and mediation among regional disputants. The text also mentions Saudi efforts for reconciliation within Palestine and the discussion on the feasibility of a possible rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Israel, noting previous major peace treaties between Israel and Arab countries, such as the Egyptian-Israeli Treaty in 1979. Israel strengthened its collaboration with Saudi Arabia because of the 'Iranian menace.' In May 2020, two years after withdrawing from the agreement, the US announced a partial withdrawal of its soldiers from Saudi Arabia and the evacuation of four 'Patriot' missile defence systems that protected Saudi oil fields and US military sites. This sparked widespread speculation regarding US-Saudi relations. Whether it's Obama or Trump, the US is in a position of strategic contraction in West Asia, thus Saudi Arabia and Israel see each other as Iran's defence partners. The Trump administration's strategy in West Asia focuses on Iran to create a U.S.-controlled geopolitical framework in the region. At the same time, the US and Israel tried to launch a 'new cold war’ between Saudi Arabia and Iran to expand conflicts between the two countries, divert attention from regional conflicts, and marginalise the Palestinian-Israeli issue, thereby advancing the development of the new version of the 'Peace Process in West Asia' and solving the Palestinian-Israeli issue as soon as possible. Iran's Regional Expansion a 'Threat' to Both; KSA & Israel. Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman once called Iran's Supreme Leader Khamenei the 'new Hitler,’ in West Asia. Israel’s former Prime Minister Netanyahu has also said that the supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, is deeply engaged in spreading anti-Semitism in the region, the oldest form of hatred against the Jews and Israel and that he advocates for the complete annihilation of Israel. Moreover, Israel’s ex-Prime Minister also stated that Israel was ready to join the international alliance against Tehran. The threats emanating from Iran are not the only cause of concern for both nations. There are many other issues in the region that push the two countries to come closer. Other than the 'Iranian menace, the two nations have multi-faceted geopolitical and geo-security interests in West Asia.' Israel and Turkey's breakup, Saudi Arabia and Turkey's struggle for dominance in the area, and the battle between Sunni and Shia for dominance over the Muslim world, all gave Saudi Arabia and Israel a chance to work together. The interests of Saudi Arabia and Israel also converged in Syria where both resisted Bashar al-Assad's dictatorship that was being backed by the Iranian regime. In addition, the two nations also got disappointed when the US announced its pullout from Syria. Mutual Economic & Commercial benefits for both the Nations Saudi Arabia and Israel want to complement each other's economic progress. If political security is the reason for Saudi Arabia and Israel's tight connection, then their complementing economic development is a guarantee for further bilateral collaboration. Saudi Arabia's economic strength and oil production capability complement Israel's technological innovation, Internet software development, and modern financial stability. Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed said Israel is a potential economic and scientific partner for Saudi Arabia Israel is one of the world's 34 most developed economies and one of the world’s most dynamic and technologically sophisticated markets It leads in innovative areas such as high-tech, cleantech, and life sciences. Israel approved selling Saudi Arabia malware in 2018. In the 1970s and 1980s, Saudi Arabia's economy grew thanks to oil. The 'Vision 2030' national development plan is what makes Saudi Arabia's New Deal so eye-catching. It aims to diversify Saudi Arabia's oil-dependent economy, reduce its reliance on oil exports, and generate more jobs. Saudi Arabia hopes Israel might help with economic changes and 'Vision 2030' Saudi Arabia proposes to build a huge metropolis near the Gulf of Aqaba entry at the northeast corner of the Red Sea on the border with Egypt and Jordan. It is believed that due to Israel's 1967 triumph and Jerusalem's occupation, religious nationalism rose throughout the Arab world and replaced secular nationalism. Saudi Arabia founded the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1969 in order to uphold and defend the interests of the Muslim world and act as the collective voice of the Muslim world, primarily unifying Muslim countries against Israel [38] With the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Arab world’s tacit recognition of Israel's existence since the 1980 139], (particularly following the Middle East peace process in the 1990s), the Arab world has been divided on the Palestinian-Israeli problem. In terms of diplomacy, Saudi Arabia has steadily downplayed pan-Islamism and emphasised power and interests. Religious and sectorial beliefs no longer influence Saudi Arabia’s diplomacy. Saudi Arabia's principal diplomatic aim is to control Iran, and it has revised its earlier ‘low-key and moderate’ foreign policy to boost major-power diplomacy and seek international collaboration. Saudi Arabia is building an anti-Iranian quasi-alliance across West Asia and nearby regions [40]. Saudi Arabia maintains balanced foreign diplomacy, minimises resistance in West Asia in the struggle for Gulf leadership, and tries to normalise ties with Israel based on this reasoning. Saudi Arabia's diplomatic ideals are based on open and close connections with Israel. Israel’s leadership has been in constant pursuance to strengthen relations with Gulf Arab countries by exaggerating the 'Iranian Threat Theory,' promoting the increasingly marginalised Palestinian-Israeli issue, and using Saudi Arabia's power to help Israel achieve diplomatic breakthroughs and create a security environment beneficial to Israel in the Arab world. Israel has long expected open Saudi relations. Saudi Arabia and Israel's new diplomatic approach aims to safeguard internal stability. Iran and its 'threat' have helped reshape Saudi Arabia's foreign policy and Israel's diplomatic approach. Conclusion Saudi Arabia and Israel's growing closeness in recent times and openness on various levels need to be monitored as this development will have many implications for the regional as well as the global order. Despite their quasi-alliance to restrict Iran and radical Islamic forces, Saudi Arabia and Israel still face a huge security problem vis a vis these two factors. Even though, if the two nations develop a formal diplomatic relation in the coming days without a just solution to the Palestine Question, the regional conflict between Arab people and Israeli nationalists will continue. So, it’s not apparently possible for Saudis to go all the way for normalisation without any breakthrough between Palestine and Israel. Saudi Arabia’s legitimacy and supremacy are attached to its guardianship of Islam’s holiest places, placing it in a leadership role for Arabs and Muslims around the world in preserving Islamic and national values. There is a possibility that after the normalisation, the Kingdom may face backlashes. So, Saudi Arabia would not forsake its Islamic and nationalist values only to restrain Iran and will attempt to avoid harmful repercussions on its Islamic leadership role. Despite Israel’s long pursuit of developing relations with the Arab world and Saudi Arabia in particular, the Jewish State also has an apprehension regarding the balance of power in the region. Israel still worries about Saudi Arabia's military might. Israel is concerned that US weaponry shipments to Saudi Arabia may decrease the gap between them and the Kingdom. Israel's anxieties have surfaced in the UAE. Even while the UAE is forging diplomatic relations with Israel, Israel has encouraged the US to maintain its military advantage in West Asia. Israel is concerned about Saudi Arabia's request for U.S. help building nuclear reactors. The Saudi-Israeli quasi-alliance has limitations. Its collaboration focuses on Iran containment, counterterrorism, and other security domains, while its economic cooperation extends security cooperation. As Saudi Arabia and Israel have economic complementarities, this might be a fresh beginning point for bilateral relations. King Salman's low-key caution contrasts with Crown Prince Mohammed's sharpness. Mohammed is pragmatic and adaptable in foreign dealings; he breaks conventions. His diplomacy shows Saudi Arabia's confidence. This method supports progress and transparency in Saudi Arabia-Israel ties, indicating that Saudi Arabia's diplomatic policy will be more realistic in the future. Saudi Arabia and Israel will continue to deepen their tacit partnership under the umbrella of controlling Iran.
Saudi Arabia and Israel will
continue to deepen their tacit partnership under the umbrella
of controlling Iran. Even if national interests determine
Saudi Arabia and Israel's future relationship, Arab...
The alliance of nations that fought the Axis in World
War II and which (With subsequent additions) signed
the charter of the United Nations in 1945. 4. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/fr...
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1353 1040500040305
on 19th May. 2022. Hadassah Medical Convoy Massacre Takes Place
(Centre for Israel Education)
https://israeled.or...
fact:
Hadassah Medical Convoy Massacre took place on 19th May 2022
fact:
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1981;34(4):48-61. (Fourth Quarter. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41394137 pdf accessed
on 20th May 2022. Bernard Gwertzman. Haig Says U.S. Seeks Consensus
Strategy in the Middle East, On New York T...
https://www.state.gov/wp-
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FINAL- 15-Sept-2020-508 .pdf
US Deartment of State (Online) Available: 2020. https://www.state.gov/wp-
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Ben Samuels, No Normalization With Israel Until Two-
state Solution Reached, Saudi FM Says, Haaretz, 2022. https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2022-07-
accessed
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. ...
For Iran’s stand on Arab Spring, see Shahram Chubin,
Iran and the Arab Spring: Ascendancy Frustrated, GRC
Gulf Papers, c2012, p. 21-27. See Thomas Juneau. Iran’s Policy towards the Houthis
in Yemen: A...
Iran's supreme leader 'the new Hitler', says Saudi crown
prince, (BBC, 24 November 2017),
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-
42108986 accessed on Aug. 03, 2022. Amanda Taub, Read the full tra...
fact:
Iran's supreme leader 'the new Hitler', says Saudi crown prince
fact:
Read the full transcript of Netanyahu's speech to Congress on Iran, (Vox, Mar 3, 2015)
Saudi Arabia’s
Foreign Policy on Iran and the Proxy War in Syria:
Toward a New Chapter?, Israel Journal of Foreign
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Ally...
Since
1981, Saudi Arabia has been making many efforts in
that direction for certain reasons and factors. See Hossein Sadeghi and Hassan Ahmadian. Iran-Saudi
Relations: Past Pattern, Future Outlook. Ir...
Iran-Saudi
Relations: Past Pattern, Future Outlook. Iranian Review
of Foreign Affairs. 2011;1(4):115-48.